Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Needlefishes (Teleostei: Belonidae) and the Biogeography of Transitions between Marine and Freshwater Habitats

Abstract The New World tribe Arini includes 30 genera and represents 148 known species of parrots. A previous phylogenetic study examined nine of those genera and suggested the existence of two groups. Our objective was to better understand the relationships among 14 species from 9 genera belonging to one of those groups. We partially sequenced the 12S and 16S ribosomal DNAs, cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase I, and control region. We improved our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among Neotropical parrots by adding both taxa and sequences, but the relationships among the deeper lineages were not well resolved. Our results agree with present classifications that place some species formerly in the genus Ara into three additional genera (Primolius, Orthopsittaca, and Diopsittaca). Additionally, we suggest that (1) D. nobilis and Guarouba guarouba are closely related and the genus Aratinga is not monophyletic; (2) diversification of genera may have occurred during the Miocene, and of species within genera during the Pliocene and Pleistocene; and (3) geologic, climatic, and environmental changes in South America may have been related to that diversification.

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Phylogeny and classification of the New World suboscines (Aves, Passeriformes)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.3613.1.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3613 (1) ◽

pp. 1-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

JAN I. OHLSON ◽

MARTIN IRESTEDT ◽

PER G. P. ERICSON ◽

JON FJELDSÅ

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

New World ◽

Remarkable Difference ◽

Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽

New Family ◽

Climatic Optimum

Here we present a phylogenetic hypothesis for the New World suboscine radiation, based on a dataset comprising of 219 terminal taxa and five nuclear molecular markers (ca. 6300 bp). We also estimate ages of the main clades in this radiation. This study corroborates many of the recent insights into the phylogenetic relationships of New World suboscines. It further clarifies a number of cases for which previous studies have been inconclusive, such as the relationships of Conopophagidae, Melanopareiidae and Tityridae. We find a remarkable difference in age of the initial divergence events in Furnariida and Tyrannida. The deepest branches in Furnariida are of Eocene age, whereas the extant lineages of Tyrannida have their origin in the Oligocene. Approximately half of the New World suboscine species are harboured in 5 large clades that started to diversify around the Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum (16–12 Mya). Based on our phylogenetic results we propose a revised classification of the New World suboscines. We also erect new family or subfamily level taxa for four small and isolated clades: Berlepschiinae, Pipritidae, Tachurididae and Muscigrallinae.

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The fossil history and phylogenetic relationships of condors (Ciconiiformes: Vulturidae) in the New World

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ◽

10.1080/02724634.1988.10011699 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 212-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Steven D. Emslie

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

New World

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Cephalic arterial pattern in New World edentates and Old World pangolins with special reference to their phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy

Cells Tissues Organs ◽

10.1159/000145104 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 105 (1) ◽

pp. 37-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

J. Bugge

Keyword(s):

Special Reference ◽

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

New World ◽

Old World

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Evaluation of the evolution of jaw morphology in New World hirudiniform leeches, with a description of a new blood-feeding species of Oxyptychus (Annelida:Hirudiniformes) from the Peruvian Amazon

Invertebrate Systematics ◽

10.1071/is11005 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 17 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa ◽

Amalie K. Barrio ◽

Maria I. Aldea-Guevara ◽

Mark E. Siddall

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

New World ◽

Null Distribution ◽

Blood Feeding ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Phylogeny Reconstruction ◽

Peruvian Amazon ◽

Reproductive Anatomy ◽

A New Species

Morphological characters of well-established taxonomic utility are infrequently examined for their relative phylogenetic consistency. Second only to characters of reproductive anatomy, jaw morphology and dentition commonly are employed as diagnostic characters for hirudiniform leeches, yet these features are highly variable across the group. Patterns of change were investigated for number of jaws and number of denticles per jaw in a phylogenetic context across 17 hirudiniform leeches representing three families. Phylogeny reconstruction employed 16 morphological characters, as well as two nuclear and two mitochondrial loci, and was evaluated with parsimony and likelihood. Rather than constrain the ancestral number of denticles to extant states, this meristic was optimised with squared-change parsimony. The degree to which dentition patterns were explained by phylogenetic relationships was assessed against a null distribution defined by permutation of extant states across terminals. Dentition was found to be non-randomly explained by phylogeny and, thus, corroborative of relationships among hirudiniform leeches as well as of the uniqueness of a new species of Oxyptychus described here from the Peruvian Amazon.

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